How Bacillus endospores survive extreme heat

Some bacterial spores can survive extreme heat

420 °C

Spores from a Bacillus species remained able to grow again after being heated to 420 °C. That is far hotter than the conditions in which these bacteria can actively live and reproduce. Surviving extreme heat is very different from being able to live in it.

A Roman law code shaped laws beyond Europe

Justinian’s compilation of Roman law reached Western Europe in the 12th century and became a basis for much of mainland Europe’s law. European empires later carried its influence to the Americas and beyond.

Some people settled before farming

The Natufian culture adopted settled living before people began farming. This shows that people could live in settled communities before agriculture and the Neolithic Revolution, rather than settling only as a result of farming.

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How Bacillus endospores survive extreme heat

Some bacterial spores can survive extreme heat

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