Cucujus clavipes puniceus larvae cold tolerance antifreeze proteins

Beetle larvae may survive extreme cold

−100°C

Larvae of Cucujus clavipes puniceus, an Alaskan beetle, may survive temperatures as low as −100°C. They deliberately lose water, and antifreeze proteins help prevent ice crystals from forming in their internal fluids.

Slavery persisted despite legal bans

~40 million people

In 2019, an estimated 40 million people worldwide were enslaved, even though slavery was illegal in every country. Children made up 26% of that total.

France created a government with no easy way out of a deadlock

After the French Revolution, France created a government called the Directory. Its leaders could not simply call new elections, while lawmakers could block their plans. When the two sides became stuck, the system had few peaceful ways to solve the conflict, so the government repeatedly turned to decrees and the army.

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Cucujus clavipes puniceus larvae cold tolerance antifreeze proteins

Beetle larvae may survive extreme cold

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