bacterial endospores space vacuum radiation survival

Some bacterial spores can survive the conditions of space

Some bacteria can form tough, inactive structures called endospores. These spores can survive extreme conditions, including the vacuum and radiation of space, and may remain able to grow again after very long periods.

Islamic rituals draw on more than the Quran

In Islam, many details of daily prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage come from the sunnah alongside the Quran. The sunnah is the record of Muhammad’s sayings and actions, preserved in hadith, and serves as a source of practical religious guidance.

China’s tribute system shaped East Asian ties

From the 3rd through the 18th centuries, rulers across much of East Asia sent tribute to China’s emperor. The emperor offered benefits such as recognition or agreements not to attack, and gave those rulers legitimacy. The system shaped much of the region’s diplomacy and trade.

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bacterial endospores space vacuum radiation survival

Some bacterial spores can survive the conditions of space

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