E. coli ageing death evidence

Even bacteria can show signs of aging

Bacteria reproduce by splitting into new cells, so they were once thought to be potentially immortal under good conditions. But researchers have found signs of aging in E. coli, including changes that can eventually lead to death.

Military rivalry helped push France to abolish colonial slavery

During the French Revolution, French officials freed enslaved people partly to stop them from joining British and Spanish forces, which also offered freedom in return for support. In 1794, revolutionary France went further and abolished slavery across its colonies.

Mass voting transformed political parties into nationwide organizations

Early political parties often operated through relatively small groups of elites. As voting rights expanded, parties needed to recruit members, organize campaigns and communicate with millions of people. They became permanent institutions connecting voters with government rather than loose alliances formed mainly inside legislatures.

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E. coli ageing death evidence

Even bacteria can show signs of aging

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