How microbes survive 1.2 km below the seafloor

Microbes survive deep below the seafloor at 120 °C

120 °C

Microbes have been found in mud 1.2 kilometers below the seafloor, where temperatures reach 120 °C. Their presence shows that some life can survive far beyond the conditions comfortable for most organisms.

Early sewers were built to remove bad smells

The first proper sewage systems were likely built to carry away foul smells, not because people understood the health dangers of human waste. The health benefits of sewer systems became clear only after they were built.

Lincoln tried to resupply Fort Sumter without sending weapons

In April 1861, Abraham Lincoln informed South Carolina authorities that a federal expedition would bring provisions to Fort Sumter, not additional troops or ammunition unless the fort was attacked. The move aimed to maintain the garrison while placing responsibility for starting hostilities on Confederate forces. Confederate artillery opened fire before the supplies arrived.

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How microbes survive 1.2 km below the seafloor

Microbes survive deep below the seafloor at 120 °C

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