speech sound perceptual restoration cough noise missing sound

The brain can fill in a missing speech sound

Replace part of a spoken word with a cough-like noise and listeners may still hear the sentence as complete. They can even have trouble saying which sound was missing. The brain can fill a gap in speech without the listener noticing.

Japan has a military despite renouncing war

Japan’s constitution renounces the right to declare war or use military force in international disputes. Yet Japan maintains a large, modern military organized as the Japan Self-Defense Forces.

Crowded troop transport helped spread the 1918 flu

The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic spread worldwide as soldiers moved through crowded camps and transport ships with poor sanitation. It killed an estimated 17–25 million people.

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speech sound perceptual restoration cough noise missing sound

The brain can fill in a missing speech sound

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