red dwarfs 12 trillion year lifespan

The smallest red dwarfs can shine for about 12 trillion years

Small red dwarf stars burn their fuel extremely slowly. The longest-lived may shine for about 12 trillion years, nearly a thousand times the universe's current age. The universe is still too young for such stars to have reached the end of their normal lives.

Mounted couriers reached the Persian Empire’s farthest regions

15 days

The Achaemenid Persian Empire linked distant regions through a relay network of mounted couriers. They could reach its most distant areas in fifteen days. Routes included the 2,500-kilometre Royal Road between Susa and Sardis.

Freed Russian serfs often still rented land

The 1861 emancipation freed more than 23 million serfs, but many still needed land from their former masters. Their small communal plots could lack pasture, and serfs had to pay the government for land while landlords received compensation.

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red dwarfs 12 trillion year lifespan

The smallest red dwarfs can shine for about 12 trillion years

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