bacteria archaea vitamin B12 food chain animals

Animals depend on microbes for vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is produced naturally by certain bacteria and archaea, not by animals or plants. Animals obtain it through their diets or relationships with microorganisms. Humans get B12 mainly from animal-derived foods, fortified products or supplements. A vitamin essential to human health ultimately originates in microbial metabolism.

New York crime kept falling after stop-and-frisk ended

Violent crime in New York City had already fallen by more than 75% from 1993 to 2005. It kept falling after the NYPD ended its large stop-and-frisk program, even though the program had often been given credit for the earlier drop.

Ancient viruses can leave pieces of themselves in DNA

If viral DNA enters the cells that produce offspring, it can be passed down for many generations. Scientists can study these old pieces of viral DNA to learn about viruses that existed millions of years ago, even though viruses rarely leave ordinary fossils.

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bacteria archaea vitamin B12 food chain animals

Animals depend on microbes for vitamin B12

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