How gut microbes act like an endocrine organ

Gut microbes can send chemical signals through the body

Gut microbes break down fiber and make chemicals that the body absorbs. Some of these chemicals can affect organs far from the gut. Because microbes can release signals that influence the rest of the body, researchers sometimes compare the gut microbiome to an endocrine organ.

Bombardier beetles release spray in bursts

The beetle stores chemicals in separate chambers. When they react, they heat nearly to boiling, and pressure sends a noxious spray out in rapid bursts. Valves protect the beetle’s organs. Each burst brings in fresh chemicals that cool the chamber and help keep its enzymes from overheating.

Repeated phrases helped poets improvise the Iliad

The Iliad uses many familiar phrases again and again. During spoken performance, a poet could use one of these ready-made phrases to fill part of a line while creating the rest. Repetition could make live improvisation easier rather than prevent creativity.

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How gut microbes act like an endocrine organ

Gut microbes can send chemical signals through the body

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