U.S. bombing Laos North Vietnamese Viet Cong operations

Laos bombing failed to stop North Vietnamese and Viet Cong operations

From 1964 to 1973, the United States dropped two million tons of bombs on Laos, nearly matching the 2.1 million tons dropped on Europe and Asia during World War II. The campaign never achieved its aim of stopping North Vietnamese and Viet Cong operations.

Steam engines let British miners reach deeper coal

Deep coal mines often filled with groundwater. Steam-powered pumps removed the water, allowing miners to dig deeper and reach coal that had previously been inaccessible. That extra coal then helped power Britain's Industrial Revolution.

Russia's conquest drove Circassians from their homeland

During the Russian Empire's nineteenth-century conquest of the northwestern Caucasus, enormous numbers of Circassians were killed, expelled or forced to flee. Many refugees died during journeys across the Black Sea and resettlement in Ottoman territory. The catastrophe scattered Circassian communities across several countries, creating a diaspora that remains today.

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U.S. bombing Laos North Vietnamese Viet Cong operations

Laos bombing failed to stop North Vietnamese and Viet Cong operations

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