Soviet biowarfare program Biopreparat facilities workforce

The Soviet biological weapons program operated on an industrial scale

Up To 65,000 People

The Soviet biological weapons program was enormous. Its civilian-cover organization, Biopreparat, ran 40–50 research sites for military work, and the full program employed as many as 65,000 people. It could produce biological weapons in huge amounts, including about 100 tons of smallpox material per year.

A failed intelligence test may say more about the test than the animal

When an animal fails a thinking test, it does not always mean the animal lacks the ability being tested. Stress, captivity, motivation, past experience, and an unnatural task can all change performance. The experiment may partly be measuring the conditions it created.

Japan transformed into an industrial world power

During the Meiji period, Japan changed from a feudal society ruled by shoguns into Asia's most developed state. It adopted Western systems of government, law, and the military and became an industrial world power.

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Soviet biowarfare program Biopreparat facilities workforce

The Soviet biological weapons program operated on an industrial scale

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