How newborns borrow antibodies from their mothers

Newborns borrow their first antibodies

Before birth, protective IgG antibodies pass from the mother through the placenta to the fetus. After birth, antibodies in breast milk help protect the baby's gut. This borrowed protection helps while the baby's own immune defenses are still developing.

Switzerland consumes far more ecological resources than its land can supply

4.6 vs 1.0 global ha/person

An ecological-footprint estimate for 2016 put Swiss consumption at about 4.6 global hectares per person, compared with roughly 1.0 global hectare of domestic biocapacity. The comparison suggests that Switzerland depends heavily on ecological resources and services beyond its borders. These figures are accounting estimates, not literal hectares physically occupied by each resident.

Coal freed factories from the need to stand beside rivers

Early factories powered by waterwheels had to be located near rivers with suitable flows. Steam engines fueled by coal allowed manufacturers to generate mechanical power in many more places. Factories could move closer to workers, customers and transport networks, helping reshape the geography of industrial cities.

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How newborns borrow antibodies from their mothers

Newborns borrow their first antibodies

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