Qing conquest Beijing Ming officials capital 1644

Qing rulers kept Beijing as their capital

After taking Beijing in 1644, the Qing kept it as their capital and retained most officials from the defeated Ming dynasty. Keeping the existing government center and bureaucracy helped stabilize Qing rule and speed the conquest of the rest of China.

The Permian extinction wiped out about 96% of marine species

About 96% Of Marine Species

The Permian–Triassic mass extinction eliminated about 96% of marine species. It was even more severe than the much better-known extinction that later killed the non-bird dinosaurs.

French spelling preserves grammar that spoken words often hide

In French, many written endings are silent, including plural markers and parts of verb conjugations. Two words may sound identical while being spelled differently because their grammatical roles differ. Reading can therefore reveal information that pronunciation alone does not. This makes spelling from dictation particularly challenging.

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Qing conquest Beijing Ming officials capital 1644

Qing rulers kept Beijing as their capital

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