Moon volcanic atmosphere solar winds Mars

The Moon once had a thick atmosphere

About 2× Mars’S Present-Day Atmosphere

Volcanic eruptions produced the Moon’s atmosphere for about 70 million years, between 3 and 4 billion years ago. It was roughly twice as thick as Mars’s present-day atmosphere before solar winds stripped it away.

Indonesia's 1930 census used a narrow literacy measure

6% counted as literate

The census counted graduates of Western schools and people who could read and write in Roman alphabets. It left out literacy gained through non-Western schools or other writing systems, so the figure did not capture the population's full range of languages and scripts.

The time encryption takes can leak secrets

An encryption method can be mathematically strong and still leak information through the machine running it. By carefully measuring how long different encryption operations take, an attacker may learn clues about secret data or keys.

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Moon volcanic atmosphere solar winds Mars

The Moon once had a thick atmosphere

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