K–Pg impact fern plant recovery fungi

Ferns began plant recovery after impact

The K–Pg impact devastated plant life. Fungi that fed on decaying matter could spread without sunlight. As the atmosphere cleared, plant recovery began with ferns. The same pattern was observed after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

Poland’s Cipher Bureau gave Allies an Enigma head start

Before World War II, the bureau mathematically deduced the detailed structure of Germany’s Enigma machine. In July 1939, it shared those findings with British and French intelligence, giving the Allied code-breaking effort a crucial head start.

Assyrian relays carried messages across an empire

~700 km in under 5 days

The Neo-Assyrian Empire used relays to carry an official message about 700 kilometers from its western border to its heartland in less than five days, despite rivers and a lack of bridges. Estimates suggest this speed was not surpassed in the Middle East until the Ottoman telegraph arrived in 1865.

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K–Pg impact fern plant recovery fungi

Ferns began plant recovery after impact

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