How freezing sea ice helps form Antarctic Bottom Water

Freezing sea ice can make the water below it sink

When seawater freezes, much of its salt stays in the liquid water below. Around Antarctica, this creates extremely cold and salty water that is heavy enough to sink into the deep ocean. It helps form Antarctic Bottom Water, which spreads far from the continent.

Silk Road monasteries also worked like travel stops

Buddhist merchants supported monasteries along trade routes, and the monasteries gave travelers places to stay. They also became centers of reading, culture, and trade. Religious growth and long-distance trade could therefore help each other.

A coup took control from Prussia's elected government

In 1932, the Prussian coup put Prussia's police under Germany's national government and removed the elected government from effective control. The move weakened a democratic stronghold and made it easier for Hitler to consolidate power six months later.

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How freezing sea ice helps form Antarctic Bottom Water

Freezing sea ice can make the water below it sink

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