How Franklin used evaporation to cool below freezing

Evaporation can chill below room temperature

7°F in a 65°F room

In Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with wet ether, a thermometer cooled to 7°F while the room remained at 65°F. The result showed that evaporation can cool an object far below the temperature of the surrounding air.

Dreams can seem predictive because we remember the hits

People tend to remember dreams that seem to predict later events and forget the many dreams that do not. In experiments where dreams were written down before the outcome was known, they did not accurately predict the future.

Japan had widespread schooling before modernization

Before Japan's Meiji modernization, commoner education was already widespread. By the end of Tokugawa rule, more than 11,000 terakoya schools had 750,000 students. In the 1860s, an estimated 40–50% of boys and 15% of girls had some schooling outside the home—rates comparable to major European nations apart from Germany.

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How Franklin used evaporation to cool below freezing

Evaporation can chill below room temperature

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