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Mammals and birds have often been treated as smarter partly because their brains are large compared with their bodies. But fish can form mental maps, stop automatic actions, change learned rules, solve new obstacles, and show responses linked to the states of other fish. Animal intelligence does not fit neatly onto one ladder.

Same-sex bars and dance halls operated freely in Berlin in the 1880s. The city’s first gay magazine began publication in 1896, and gay and lesbian people had unprecedented visibility there by the 1920s. This history helps explain why Berlin is considered an important birthplace of the LGBT rights movement.