blue-ringed octopus hidden reflective ring structures

An octopus can flash a warning without changing color

Under ⅓ Second

A blue-ringed octopus can reveal its brilliant blue warning rings in less than a third of a second. But it does not need to create new pigment. Tiny muscles uncover reflective structures that were hidden beneath its skin. The rings were there all along—the octopus simply switches them into view.

A few degrees of warming can move climate zones hundreds of kilometers

Hundreds Of Kilometers

As average temperatures rise, the conditions associated with a particular climate can shift toward the poles or uphill. A warming of several degrees may correspond to hundreds of kilometers of movement in latitude. Plants and animals cannot always migrate quickly enough to follow, especially when roads, cities or fragmented habitats block their paths.

Rome probably grew from several villages rather than appearing in a single founding

Roman tradition gave the city a precise founding date and the story of Romulus and Remus. Archaeological evidence instead points to settlements around the hills near the Tiber gradually growing and connecting. Rome's emergence was a process of urban development, not necessarily a single event that happened on one legendary day.

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blue-ringed octopus hidden reflective ring structures

An octopus can flash a warning without changing color

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