Sahara green period rock art desertification

The Sahara was once green and fertile

During Africa’s humid period, the Sahara was green and fertile, and returning populations left rock art showing large communities. As the climate dried, rapid desertification took place around 3500 BC.

Counting goods helped turn records into writing

In Mesopotamia, people first counted goods with clay tokens, then recorded quantities on clay and added signs for the goods. Later, signs for Sumerian syllables helped turn this accounting system into a general-purpose writing system.

Roman peace came through conquest

Augustus described his rule as peace “born of victories.” In his account, conquered peoples gave up self-rule and paid taxes in return for Roman protection and the keeping of their customs. He presented imperial rule as a bargain secured by conquest.

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Sahara green period rock art desertification

The Sahara was once green and fertile

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