Rwanda 1935 identity cards fixed Tutsi Hutu categories

Belgium’s Rwanda identity cards fixed group labels

In 1935, Belgian colonial rule introduced identity cards that classified people as Tutsi, Hutu, Twa, or Naturalised and blocked movement between categories. Before the system, particularly wealthy Hutu could become honorary Tutsi.

The St. Lawrence Seaway let ships bypass Montreal

The seaway opened in 1959, allowing ships to bypass Montreal. As businesses moved elsewhere, Montreal lost its long-standing economic dominance.

New Caledonian crows manufacture tools instead of merely finding them

New Caledonian crows do more than pick up convenient sticks. They cut and shape plant material into tools that help extract insects from crevices, and some make hooked tools that improve their grip on prey. Tool designs can vary between populations. Their behavior shows that sophisticated tool manufacture is not exclusive to humans or other primates.

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Rwanda 1935 identity cards fixed Tutsi Hutu categories

Belgium’s Rwanda identity cards fixed group labels

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