Rhabdophis toad toxins neck defense

An Asian snake stores toad toxins in its neck

Rhabdophis snakes eat toxin-bearing toads and store the toxins in an organ on the neck. When threatened, a snake presses that organ against the threat. Though it has rear fangs and venom, it rarely bites.

A 1917 encryption idea led to the one-time pad

In 1917, Gilbert Vernam proposed combining a message with a separate secret key. This idea helped lead to the one-time pad, an encryption method that cannot be broken mathematically when its key is truly random, kept secret, and used only once.

Some groundwater stays underground for more than 10,000 years

>10,000 Years

Water can remain underground for more than 10,000 years. By comparison, water stays in the atmosphere for only about nine days on average before falling again. Very old underground water is often called fossil water.

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Rhabdophis toad toxins neck defense

An Asian snake stores toad toxins in its neck

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