quartz sugar pressure voltage electric field size

Some materials turn pressure into electricity

Materials such as quartz and even sugar crystals can produce a small voltage when squeezed. The effect also works in reverse: applying an electric field can make the material change shape slightly.

Greek writing added letters for vowel sounds

The Phoenician writing system used letters for consonants, but not vowels. When the Greeks adapted it, they reused some letters for vowel sounds. Greek became the earliest alphabet in the strict sense: a writing system with letters for both vowels and consonants.

Black volunteers strengthened the Union army

≈190,000

The Emancipation Proclamation allowed free Black men and people who had escaped slavery to enlist in the Union army. About 190,000 volunteered, adding to the Union’s numerical advantage. The Confederacy did not follow suit because its leaders feared undermining slavery.

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quartz sugar pressure voltage electric field size

Some materials turn pressure into electricity

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