nocebo effect inert treatment expected harm symptoms

Expecting side effects can make people feel worse

A harmless treatment can still make someone report pain, nausea, or other problems if they expect it to cause harm. This is called the nocebo effect. The expectation changes the person's experience even though the treatment itself did not cause the problem.

A sea trade in jade lasted more than 3,000 years

3,000+ years

An ancient sea trade network connected Taiwan, the Philippines, and other parts of Southeast and East Asia. Jade was mined in Taiwan and much of it was worked in the Philippines. The network lasted at least 3,000 years and began before the Silk Road.

China’s births skewed sharply male

120 boys per 100 girls

By the late 1990s, 120 boys were born in China for every 100 girls. The one-child policy contributed to this skew, along with son preference, sex-selective abortion, infanticide, and female births that went unreported.

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nocebo effect inert treatment expected harm symptoms

Expecting side effects can make people feel worse

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