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Roasting causes coffee beans to lose moisture and expand, changing their density. Dark-roasted beans generally take up more space for the same mass, so a scoop measured by volume may contain less coffee and therefore less caffeine. If you measure equal weights instead, the caffeine difference is usually much smaller. How you measure matters more than roast color alone.

China often tries a new policy in a local area before using it more widely. This lets the national government keep strong political control while giving local governments a large role in running the economy.