Napoleon 1812 Russia invasion French soldiers fighting condition

Few of Napoleon’s soldiers left Russia fit to fight

1 in 6 soldiers

Of the soldiers who entered Russia in 1812, only one in six emerged in fighting condition. The Russian army retreated while destroying supplies, and the Grande Armée struggled to keep itself supplied. Disease and shortages caused many French losses, even though the Battle of Borodino was indecisive.

Green plants trace part of their history to two microbial mergers

Complex cells appear to have formed when two kinds of microbes entered a lasting partnership. Much later, the ancestors of green plants took in another bacterium able to use sunlight. That second partner eventually became the chloroplast found inside plant cells.

A study found especially fast aging changes around ages 45–55

Ages 45–55

A study of 516 tissue samples from 76 people found that some of the steepest age-related changes happened around ages 45–55, especially in blood vessels. Some organs showed strong changes at younger ages.

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Napoleon 1812 Russia invasion French soldiers fighting condition

Few of Napoleon’s soldiers left Russia fit to fight

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