Justinian reconquests Africa Italy 555

Justinian's empire reached a temporary peak

In 555, Justinian's Byzantine Empire covered its greatest territory. Most reconquered lands did not last: Africa was the only lasting conquest. The war in Italy was disastrous, and its heavy taxes were deeply resented.

A gift is not always as free as it seems

Giving someone a gift can create an obligation that nobody says aloud. Anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski described societies where receiving a gift carried an expectation of giving something back later, sometimes of equal or greater value. What looks like generosity can also be part of a system of social exchange.

The Bastille became a symbol despite holding only seven prisoners

7 prisoners

When the Bastille was stormed, it held only seven prisoners: four forgers, one mentally ill man, a failed assassin, and a nobleman accused of sexual misconduct. Despite the tiny prison population, its fall became a powerful symbol of the old French regime.

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Justinian reconquests Africa Italy 555

Justinian's empire reached a temporary peak

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