Indo-European languages ancient migrations colonial expansion

Indo-European languages spread beyond Eurasia

Ancient migrations and the replacement of earlier languages spread Indo-European languages across much of Eurasia. Much later, European colonial expansion carried languages such as English, Spanish, and Portuguese to other continents.

Perfume can start with ready-made scent bases

Perfume makers can reuse pre-blended bases instead of starting with raw ingredients. A base may capture an idea like a dewy rose better than rose oil, or recreate flowers such as gardenia, whose scent cannot be extracted directly.

Vesuvius may have turned part of a human brain into glass

Researchers studying remains from Herculaneum, buried by Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, identified unusual glass-like material inside a victim's skull. They proposed that extreme heating followed by rapid cooling transformed brain tissue into glass. The interpretation is remarkable but depends on reconstructing exactly what happened during the eruption.

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Indo-European languages ancient migrations colonial expansion

Indo-European languages spread beyond Eurasia

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