human Mars mission return launch equipment fuel

A Mars return launch must reuse its gear

A crew returning from Mars would need to launch with equipment already used and few tools for repairs. The fuel would have to come from Earth or be made on Mars. A launch from Earth can use fresh equipment and fuel produced on Earth.

The word “religion” does not fit every culture

The modern idea of religion took shape in the West, especially during the 16th and 17th centuries. Many cultures had no equivalent word and did not separate sacred life from everyday life in the same way. Applying the label can therefore impose a distinction they did not make.

Drying may have first helped Indus cities grow

As the Indus region slowly became drier, the change may at first have helped its cities grow. As water became scarcer, it may later have helped drive the civilization’s decline and pushed people east.

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human Mars mission return launch equipment fuel

A Mars return launch must reuse its gear

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