How the French Revolution helped create America's first party system

The French Revolution helped create America's first party divide

Americans disagreed so strongly about the French Revolution that the argument helped form the United States' first party system. A revolution across the Atlantic became part of a fight over what kind of republic America itself should be.

Inca surgeons operated through the skull

80–90% survival

Inca surgeons cut holes in people’s skulls to reduce swelling and pressure after head injuries. Reported survival rates reached 80–90%, compared with about 30% before the Inca period.

Al-Biruni estimated Earth's size from one mountain

Al-Biruni measured the height of a mountain and the angle down to the horizon from its top. With those measurements and geometry, he could estimate Earth's circumference from one place instead of making observations at two distant locations.

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How the French Revolution helped create America's first party system

The French Revolution helped create America's first party divide

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