How particles become entangled without ever meeting

Two particles can become entangled without ever meeting

Imagine two separate pairs of entangled particles. Scientists can make a joint measurement using one particle from each pair. Afterward, the two particles left at the outer ends can become entangled with each other even though they never directly interacted.

A tiny excess of matter was enough to build the universe we see

≈1 in 100 million

The early universe contained almost equal amounts of matter and antimatter. When the two destroyed each other, only a tiny excess of matter remained—about one surviving particle for every 100 million original matter particles. That small leftover became the matter around us today.

Animals depend on microbes for vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is produced naturally by certain bacteria and archaea, not by animals or plants. Animals obtain it through their diets or relationships with microorganisms. Humans get B12 mainly from animal-derived foods, fortified products or supplements. A vitamin essential to human health ultimately originates in microbial metabolism.

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How particles become entangled without ever meeting

Two particles can become entangled without ever meeting

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