How Earth's moving liquid iron core creates a magnetic field

The English East India Company began as a commercial enterprise, but royal charters granted it extraordinary authority overseas. In territories under its control, it could administer justice, maintain armed forces, mint money and negotiate with other powers. A private company could therefore operate simultaneously as a merchant, military force and government.

John Locke said animals, including oysters and cockles, can perceive and remember. He distinguished those abilities from abstract reasoning, which he saw as specific to humans. In his view, minds differ by degree across species rather than being an exclusively human capacity.