earthquake magnitude one unit 32 times energy amplitude

A one-step rise in quake magnitude multiplies energy

~32× energy

Earthquake magnitude uses a logarithmic scale. Each one-unit increase means seismic waves have 10 times the amplitude and carries about 32 times the seismic energy. It is not a simple one-unit increase in strength.

Eugenics helped spur forced sterilization laws

Eugenics advocates did not all favor the same policies. In Britain, they generally supported voluntary approaches. In the United States, Canada and Australia, efforts targeting people labeled “feebleminded” won broad support across political parties and helped spur compulsory sterilization laws.

French revolutionary liberty still left many people out

France's 1791 constitution spoke about liberty but allowed only men with enough property to vote or hold public office. Later revolutionary governments also punished some political speech. Political freedom remained limited even during a revolution built around liberty.

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earthquake magnitude one unit 32 times energy amplitude

A one-step rise in quake magnitude multiplies energy

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