Dutch East Indies slavery after 1860 abolition

Slavery continued after Dutch abolition

The Dutch East Indies formally abolished slavery in 1860, but the change mostly affected Java and Madura. On other islands, slavery lasted well into the 20th century. The Dutch state avoided the cost of freeing enslaved people and sought to appease local rulers.

Photosynthesis helped build Earth’s UV shield

Photosynthesis changed Earth by releasing oxygen into the air. Some of that oxygen helped form the ozone layer, which blocks much of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet light and helped make it possible for life to spread onto land.

Soviet Olympic athletes could train full-time

Soviet athletes could train full-time while officially holding jobs, yet still compete in Olympic events meant for amateurs. Many Western competitors were students or true part-time athletes. Both were called amateurs, but their training conditions could be very different.

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Dutch East Indies slavery after 1860 abolition

Slavery continued after Dutch abolition

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