Augustus Caesar titles Roman rulers Kaiser czar

~14 centuries

Caesar and Augustus became titles for rulers

The name Caesar and the title Augustus became titles used by Roman rulers for centuries. Caesar also gave rise to later ruler titles such as the German kaiser and Russian tsar.

Civil War records helped lead to punch-card computing

Work on U.S. Civil War medical and population records helped John Shaw Billings think about turning facts into numbers that machines could sort. His assistant Herman Hollerith later developed punch-card machines. Punch cards dominated large-scale data processing for decades, and Hollerith's company eventually became part of IBM.

Jellyfish can release free-stinging cell balls

When triggered, the jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana releases tiny balls of cells that move on their own. They can sting anything they encounter, even when they are away from the jellyfish.

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Augustus Caesar titles Roman rulers Kaiser czar

Caesar and Augustus became titles for rulers

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