627 Battle of the Trench Medina cavalry defense

A trench held off a much larger force

At the Battle of the Trench in Medina in 627, about 3,000 Muslim defenders used a trench across approaches open to cavalry. They held off a coalition of about 10,000 for two weeks, until it withdrew.

A tiny excess of matter was enough to build the universe we see

≈1 in 100 million

The early universe contained almost equal amounts of matter and antimatter. When the two destroyed each other, only a tiny excess of matter remained—about one surviving particle for every 100 million original matter particles. That small leftover became the matter around us today.

Animals depend on microbes for vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is produced naturally by certain bacteria and archaea, not by animals or plants. Animals obtain it through their diets or relationships with microorganisms. Humans get B12 mainly from animal-derived foods, fortified products or supplements. A vitamin essential to human health ultimately originates in microbial metabolism.

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627 Battle of the Trench Medina cavalry defense

A trench held off a much larger force

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